May I introduce the awesome and very much in-the-know Cara Sheekey, Occupational Therapist. I'm not exaggerating people,she really is awesome! I know this because I had the privilege of working with her at Yarraville Special Developmental School in Melbourne. Her advice, guidance and strategies helped me bring movement into my classroom in ways that improved my students, all who are with physical disabilities and sensory processing issues, physically, behaviourally and academically!
So without further ado, I here by present...
We are Happy Playing's interview with
Occupational Therapist Cara Sheekey on the topic of children and movement.
First of all, thank you Cara for agreeing to do this interview with us. Can you tell us a little about yourself, education, experience and what you are currently doing in relation to your work with children.
My undergraduate degree was an Applied Science degree in Exercise and Sports Science. Following that I did a Masters degree to qualify as an Occupational Therapist. I have spent the thirteen years since I graduated working as a Paediatric Occupational Therapist, in Sydney, the United States and currently in Melbourne. During that time I have worked in private practice and in both special schools and mainstream schools. I now have a small private practice in Melbourne, in partnership with a Speech Pathologist. We specialise in the assessment and treatment of children with complex developmental needs; including Autism, Sensory Processing Disorder and other developmental challenges that impact upon a child’s capacity to reach their potential. We take a play based developmental approach guided on the principles of DIR®/Floortime
One of the things I worry about as a parent is the amount of movement my child is getting during the day. In your opinion how much movement do children really need in their day?
My immediate answer would be that the general recommendation is 60 minutes of moderate to strenuous exercise every day for all people (parents too!). This figure though is generally given in regard to school aged kids, teenagers and adults, not pre-schoolers. Knowing that you have a pre-schooler (as I do) when I thought about that recommendation I realised that it couldn’t possibly be enough for them, they need WAY more than an hour a day of physical activity. As it turns out, at least three hours a day is the recommendation. I even came up with a reputable source to prove it. Link to reference article While one hour for the school aged kids and adults refers to moderate to strenuous exercise, the figure for the pre-schoolers refers more generally to time being active and moving around to play.
How does a lack of movement affect our children?
The most obvious answer is that lack of physical activity is a major contributor to obesity and other associated health issues. The impact of a lack of physical activity is far greater though than whether or not your child is overweight.
It is through movement based play that many aspects of our nervous systems are developed. While we talk about the five sense quite often (touch, taste, smell, hearing, vision) there are in fact two other senses that are very relevant to this topic – the vestibular system and the proprioceptive system. The vestibular system is our sense of movement, knowing the position of our body relative to gravity (knowing if you are upright or standing on your head, if you are moving forward, if you are falling, etc). The proprioceptive sense is our body position sense, it tells us the position of the various parts of our body in space and relative to one another (knowing if your hands are in front of your body or by your side, knowing how hard you are pressing on something, etc). These two sensory systems work together very closely to help us to use our bodies and successfully interact with our environment. The neurological connections required to help these sensory systems to mature and work for us are developed through use, and we use them by moving.
Another very important thing that is developed in the early years through movement is core strength. Our core strength is what helps us to maintain a stable upright posture. This is good for many obvious reasons, like being able to stand up and not fall down because your muscles have fatigued, but it is also vital in providing a solid base from which to then use your limbs in more precise ways. For example, to be able to sit and write or draw you need to develop adequate core muscles to be able to support your body upright and hold your trunk and shoulders steady while moving only your hands/fingers to make precise movements. Like our sensory systems, core muscles are developed through use, and we use them by moving.
The development of these sensory systems, in addition to core strength and endurance, is vital for children to reach their potential in a number of areas that go far beyond movement itself. Sure, they need these skills to be good athletes but they also need them to do well in a classroom. Challenges in any of these areas can impact fine motor skills, which impacts handwriting development and potentially literacy development, a poorly developed vestibular systems can impact attention and concentration, poor proprioception can make it difficult for a child to maintain their own personal space around others and so on (really, I could go on but I’m sure you get the gist, movement is important!).
My immediate answer would be that the general recommendation is 60 minutes of moderate to strenuous exercise every day for all people (parents too!). This figure though is generally given in regard to school aged kids, teenagers and adults, not pre-schoolers. Knowing that you have a pre-schooler (as I do) when I thought about that recommendation I realised that it couldn’t possibly be enough for them, they need WAY more than an hour a day of physical activity. As it turns out, at least three hours a day is the recommendation. I even came up with a reputable source to prove it. Link to reference article While one hour for the school aged kids and adults refers to moderate to strenuous exercise, the figure for the pre-schoolers refers more generally to time being active and moving around to play.
How does a lack of movement affect our children?
The most obvious answer is that lack of physical activity is a major contributor to obesity and other associated health issues. The impact of a lack of physical activity is far greater though than whether or not your child is overweight.
It is through movement based play that many aspects of our nervous systems are developed. While we talk about the five sense quite often (touch, taste, smell, hearing, vision) there are in fact two other senses that are very relevant to this topic – the vestibular system and the proprioceptive system. The vestibular system is our sense of movement, knowing the position of our body relative to gravity (knowing if you are upright or standing on your head, if you are moving forward, if you are falling, etc). The proprioceptive sense is our body position sense, it tells us the position of the various parts of our body in space and relative to one another (knowing if your hands are in front of your body or by your side, knowing how hard you are pressing on something, etc). These two sensory systems work together very closely to help us to use our bodies and successfully interact with our environment. The neurological connections required to help these sensory systems to mature and work for us are developed through use, and we use them by moving.
Another very important thing that is developed in the early years through movement is core strength. Our core strength is what helps us to maintain a stable upright posture. This is good for many obvious reasons, like being able to stand up and not fall down because your muscles have fatigued, but it is also vital in providing a solid base from which to then use your limbs in more precise ways. For example, to be able to sit and write or draw you need to develop adequate core muscles to be able to support your body upright and hold your trunk and shoulders steady while moving only your hands/fingers to make precise movements. Like our sensory systems, core muscles are developed through use, and we use them by moving.
The development of these sensory systems, in addition to core strength and endurance, is vital for children to reach their potential in a number of areas that go far beyond movement itself. Sure, they need these skills to be good athletes but they also need them to do well in a classroom. Challenges in any of these areas can impact fine motor skills, which impacts handwriting development and potentially literacy development, a poorly developed vestibular systems can impact attention and concentration, poor proprioception can make it difficult for a child to maintain their own personal space around others and so on (really, I could go on but I’m sure you get the gist, movement is important!).
Is letting our children 'run around' in the backyard enough or are there particular types of movement that are more critical for child development?
I always say that it is best to follow your child’s lead. Running around the backyard can be great and for some kids they may well get enough movement out of playing and running around in their backyard. Other kids may struggle to come up with ideas and if you send them out into the backyard to “run around” they may not do much moving at all.
Connect with your child, see what interests them and engage with them around that and you will be moving in no time. If you are struggling with a child who is reluctant to step away from the screens and move, go with them and play together. Kids love nothing more than playing with an engaged adult and the benefits go far beyond their physical health.
There aren’t any specific movement types that are necessarily more important, but variety is key. To develop the sensory systems we talked about earlier you want to be engaging the sensory motor systems in many different ways. Exposing your child to a variety of sensory motor experiences is important.
Finally, the best way to ensure that your kids are active is to lead by example, run around with them, go on a bike ride together, play at the playground with them. If kids see their parents being active that becomes their normal, what they assume everyone does, and they are much more likely to grow up to be active adults. Link to reference article
You spoke about the importance of two other senses the vestibular and proprioceptive sense as well as core strength. What are some activities that help develop a child's vestibular system, proprioceptive system, and core strength?
Many movement activities that children engage in will include activation of both the vestibular and the proprioceptive systems, and strengthen their core muscles as well. Here are some specific examples though for each one:
Activities with a strong vestibular component:
What about being part of sports teams or dance groups several times a week? Is that enough and are they a viable way of getting your child moving?
Sports teams and movement type classes can be great for many reasons, and they are certainly a viable way to get your child moving. They aren’t essential though by any means. Again, I believe that it goes back to following your child’s lead and their interests. Parents regularly ask me what sport or class they should enrol their child in and I always ask, “What is the child wanting to do?”. Give them some options, go and trial a class or observe one and see if it appeals to your child. If you are intent on helping your child move more and you push them in to something they aren’t interested in, or ready for, you probably won’t meet your goal of getting them moving, and you will get lots of added frustration and complaining to go along with it!
What are some simple ways that you recommend for parents wanting to incorporate more movement in their child's daily routine?
If you want to get your kids moving more I would say the first step is to look at what they are spending their time doing. If you are worried about a lack of movement in your child’s day it would be likely that they are spending a lot of time doing screen based play. This needs to have limits placed on it, especially with young children. Current recommendations are for no screen time at all for children under two years, a maximum of one hour a day for pre schoolers and two hours a day for school aged kids Link to reference article
Some simple ways to begin to add movement into your child’s day:
Again, I am going to fall back on my same advice of follow your child’s lead. You don’t need to come up with a fancy lesson or an activity for you to lead them through, they will have the best ideas and their ideas will engage them for longer than anything else (as well as developing many other skills).
Like most parents I don't have a lot of money to spend on play equipment but I'd like to save and invest in a few key pieces. What do you think are the most useful pieces of equipment that parents should invest in that can help encourage their children to move more?
I don’t think you need any expensive play equipment to play or get moving – a few balls and a bike/scooter will take your child a long way. Sure, having a trampoline or some playground equipment in your backyard can be fun but it is by no means necessary, especially if you make use of your local playground and parks.
- Somersaults, flips, handstands, cartwheels
- Jumping games; trampoline, on couch/mattress or bed
- Playground equipment – swings, climbing, slide, monkey bars
- Movement type toys – bike, skate board, scooter, roller blades
- Wrestling or rough housing
- Rolling like a log, down a hill is even more fun!
- Skipping rope games
- Tug of war
- Wheelbarrow walking
- Jumping/crashing into a pile of pillows
- Marching
- Bumping down the stairs on your bottom
- Crawling through tunnels or boxes
- Helping with household activities – carrying groceries, taking out rubbish, sweeping, digging in the garden
- Playground equipment – monkey bars, climbing
- Crawling games – obstacle courses, races
- Lying on back doing bicycle legs
- Animal walking – donkey kicks, crab walking, frog hops
- Climbing trees
- Hula hooping
- Swimming
What about being part of sports teams or dance groups several times a week? Is that enough and are they a viable way of getting your child moving?
Sports teams and movement type classes can be great for many reasons, and they are certainly a viable way to get your child moving. They aren’t essential though by any means. Again, I believe that it goes back to following your child’s lead and their interests. Parents regularly ask me what sport or class they should enrol their child in and I always ask, “What is the child wanting to do?”. Give them some options, go and trial a class or observe one and see if it appeals to your child. If you are intent on helping your child move more and you push them in to something they aren’t interested in, or ready for, you probably won’t meet your goal of getting them moving, and you will get lots of added frustration and complaining to go along with it!
What are some simple ways that you recommend for parents wanting to incorporate more movement in their child's daily routine?
If you want to get your kids moving more I would say the first step is to look at what they are spending their time doing. If you are worried about a lack of movement in your child’s day it would be likely that they are spending a lot of time doing screen based play. This needs to have limits placed on it, especially with young children. Current recommendations are for no screen time at all for children under two years, a maximum of one hour a day for pre schoolers and two hours a day for school aged kids Link to reference article
Some simple ways to begin to add movement into your child’s day:
- Walking places or catching public transport, rather than always relying on the car
- Go for a bike ride, either to get somewhere or just for fun
- Leave the pram or stroller at home sometimes, or let your child walk alongside it some of the way if you are walking for a long time
- Make use of your local playgrounds. There are loads of interesting and innovative playgrounds popping up and many websites reviewing and describing them
- Go into your backyard (or local park if you are like me and don’t have a backyard) and play chasey or hide n seek or hopscotch or whatever your child is drawn to
- Make sure that some family outings involve physical activity – hiking, playing sport together, going to a playground
- Take an interest in your child’s sporting activities, watch their games or practices, cheer them on, practice their skills with them between games
Again, I am going to fall back on my same advice of follow your child’s lead. You don’t need to come up with a fancy lesson or an activity for you to lead them through, they will have the best ideas and their ideas will engage them for longer than anything else (as well as developing many other skills).
Like most parents I don't have a lot of money to spend on play equipment but I'd like to save and invest in a few key pieces. What do you think are the most useful pieces of equipment that parents should invest in that can help encourage their children to move more?
I don’t think you need any expensive play equipment to play or get moving – a few balls and a bike/scooter will take your child a long way. Sure, having a trampoline or some playground equipment in your backyard can be fun but it is by no means necessary, especially if you make use of your local playground and parks.
On that note we end the interview. I hope you readers have been able to get something out of that. I know I have! It's great to know that even from an expert's point of view, we don't need much to get our kids moving. To be honest I was sure there would be at least a small list of equipment that would be suggested with that last question, but looks like our local playgrounds have got us covered. I'm personally also impressed by how much movement relates to our children's over all development, even affecting handwriting and literacy skills. Who would have thought that to be so?
If you live in Melbourne, Australia and are in need of an Occupational Therapist and Speech Pathologist then you should really contact Cara at her own private practice KidsRISE. Cara works hand in hand with Speech Pathologist Miranda Van Styn. For more information please visit their website at www.kidsrise.com.au
Well I hope you can keep returning this month and join in Moving it in May. If you have any great movement based activities or games you want to share with us just leave a comment. I'd love to write a post highlighting other people's ideas and favourite activities!
Until next time happy moving and happy playing!
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